Osmoregulation and excretion

Water and ions

• Environmental problems facing animals
• Osmosis Obligatory and regulated exchanges
• Osmoregulators and osmoconformers

Epithelial transport

• salt transport across membrane
• active and passive movements of ions
• Ussing chamber and evidence of active transport
• Water transport movement coupled to ion transport

Osmoregulatory organs

• Mammalian kidney
• urine formation and the nephron
• regulation of glomerular filtration
• effect of blood pressure
• renin-angiotensin system
• tubular resorbtion
• excretion of urea
• resorbtion of glucose
• role of anti-diuretic hormone (vasopressin)
• Fish gills
• Avian and reptile salt glands
• Invertebrate osmoregulatory organs
• antennal gland in crayfish
• malpighian tubules in insects

Excretion of nitrogenous waste

• Ammonia, uric acid and urea

Reading

Eckert Animal Physiology-Mechanisms and Adaptations, 5th edition. Randall, Burggren and French. Chapter 14

Schmidt Nielsen Chapters 8 and 9